谓语动词、主语、宾语和表语的变化。
一、谓语动词的变化
1.时态变化
一般时态
一般过去时：did
一般现在时：do/does
一般将来时：will/shall do, am/is/are going to do
进行时态
过去进行时：was/were + doing
现在进行时：am/is/are + doing
将来进行时：will be doing(shall be doing)
完成时态[阶段性总结，强调结果]
过去完成时：had done
现在完成时：have/has done
将来完成时：will have done
完成进行时态[强调过程]
过去完成进行时：had been doing
现在完成进行时：have/has been doing
将来完成进行时：will have been doing
2.情态变化
情态动词的变化
情态 = 情态动词 + 动词原形
情态动词无人称变化
| 现在时 | 过去时 |
|---|---|
| must | 无 |
| can | could |
| will | would |
| shall | should |
| may | might |
情态动词含义
表示情态：
must[必须]
can/could[能够，可以]
will/would[将要，愿意]
may/might[可以/可能]
should[应该]
表示推测：
情态动词 + do[推测现在]
情态动词 + be doing[推测现在正在进行]
情态动词 + have done[推测过去]
3.语态变化
被动语态
结构：be[时间] + done[动作]
与时态的结合：
但是她的呼吁（过去）被认为是失败的。
But her appeal was considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁（现在）被认为是失败的。
But her appeal is considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁将会（现在的将来）被认为是失败的。
But her appeal will be considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去将会（过去的将来）被认
为是失败的。
But her appeal would be considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去正在被认为是失败的。
But her appeal was being considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁现在正在被认为是失败的。
But her appeal is being considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去已经（过去的之前）被认
为是失败的。
But her appeal had been considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁 现在已经（现在的之前）被认
为是失败的。
But her appeal has been considered a failure.
与情态的结合：
结构：情态动词 + be done
主动语态
不是被动语态的都是主动语态。
4.否定
实义动词变否定：
do/does/did + not + 动词原形
助动词和情态动词变否定：
助动词和情态动词[be动词、情态动词、完成时中的have] + not
多个助动词或情态动词出现时，变否定在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，如：will be doing 变为 will not be doing。
5.总结
根据上面时态、情态、语态和否定的变化，在分析长难句时，首先找到长难句中通过这几种方式变化后谓语动词，一个谓语动词讲述一件事，逐句翻译便能大体知道长难句意思。
二、主语，宾语和表语的变化
主语，宾语和表语可由名词（代词）、非谓语动词[doing, to do]和并列多个词组成，其中表语还可以由副词或介词短语组成。由于考研英语的需要以及名词(代词)作成分容易看出，这里着重记录doing、to do和并列作成分。
1.doing作成分
作主语
1.Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction…[doing直接作主语]
2.amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children children’ s marketing strategy…[doning sth作主语]
作宾语
1.I love creating…[doing放动词后作动宾宾语]
2.The most likely reason for departing a board was age…[doing放介词后作介宾宾语（介词后只跟名词、代词和动名词）]
3.This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal deal’ with business business…[doing sth作宾语]
作表语
由于doing作表语容易与进行时混淆，考研中可不掌握。
1.My dream is traveling all the world.
2.to do作成分
作主语
1.To beat plastic is easy.[直接作主语]
2.It ’s easy to beat plastic plastic.[it为形式主语，真正主语为to do，这是考研常用句型]
作宾语
to do只能跟动词后作动宾，不能和doing一样可以跟介词后作介宾，因为介词后只能跟名词、代词和动名词。
Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a
successful life life…
作表语
The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems systems.
3.并列多个主/宾/表语
1.Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing
things for oneself…[并列doing作主语]
2.But the policy is unclear and contradictory.[并列副词作表语(表语可由副词或介词短语组成)]
3.That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled uncontrolled.[作宾语]
4.总结
通过第一部分找到谓语动词，便能通过谓语动词位置找到对应的主语、宾语或表语了，翻译长难句时更加明确谁做了什么。